What is hay fever and what symptoms does it cause?

Hay fever is an overreaction of the immune system to pollen, a substance that should normally be harmless. Typical symptoms include frequent sneezing fits, a stuffy nose sometimes with loss of smell, and allergic conjunctivitis with red, swollen and itchy eyes. An irritating cough caused by mucus dripping down the throat and general fatigue can also occur, and an allergy test can confirm whether pollen is responsible.

How can you tell the difference between hay fever and a cold?

Hay fever and a cold can feel similar, particularly the runny nose, but a cold is caused by a virus and affects the upper respiratory tract. A useful distinguishing sign is the nasal mucus: with a pollen allergy it is usually clear and watery, whereas with a cold it tends to be thick and yellow or green.

How do antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids help with hay fever?

Antihistamines work by blocking histamine, the chemical that triggers sneezing and watery eyes when pollen is encountered, although they can cause drowsiness; second-generation antihistamines have far fewer such side effects. Nasal corticosteroids act more deeply by quickly reducing inflammation in the nasal lining, but they may cause nosebleeds or irritation and their use should be limited. It is best to speak with a doctor or allergist before using either treatment.

What are the common symptoms of a pollen allergy?

Common symptoms of a pollen allergy include sneezing caused by nasal irritation, a constantly runny nose from increased mucus production, itchy and watering eyes, and nasal congestion as the nasal membranes swell. These reactions are triggered by the release of histamine in the body in response to allergens. The intensity of symptoms varies depending on individual sensitivity and the amount of pollen in the air.

Why does a pollen allergy cause sneezing and itchy eyes?

Pollen allergy symptoms are caused by histamine, a chemical the body releases in response to allergens, which leads to inflammation and allergic reactions. Histamine release in the nose and eyes produces sneezing, a runny nose, itching and watering. Because sensitivity differs from person to person, the symptoms experienced can vary.

Which types of pollen most often trigger allergies?

Pollen allergies are not caused by a single substance, as several types of pollen exist, each with its own peak season. Tree pollen, from species such as birch, oak and poplar, is mainly present in spring and often causes allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, while grass pollen is a major cause of spring and summer allergies, leading to sneezing, itching and congestion. Weed pollen, such as ragweed, is mostly present in summer and autumn and can trigger allergic asthma.

How can you reduce exposure to pollen during hay fever season?

Reducing contact with pollen is an effective first step in managing hay fever. It helps to follow a pollen calendar and turn on pollen alerts through a weather or pollen app. Airing your home early in the morning or just after it rains, when pollen levels are lower, also limits exposure.

What is allergen immunotherapy for pollen allergy?

Allergen immunotherapy, also called desensitisation, gradually trains the body to tolerate pollen. It usually involves taking tablets or receiving injections over a three-year period. It is a proven method that can provide long-lasting relief, sometimes for years.